Dark circles can make even a well rested face look exhausted, and doctors say sleep often isn’t the only factor at play. Sun exposure, genetics, dehydration and the natural aging process can all contribute to a shadowed under eye area. Several dermatology and skincare experts shared what actually causes dark circles, which treatments work and which home habits can help keep them from returning.

Dark circles are usually not a sign of an underlying medical issue. Still, for anyone hoping to brighten the area, dermatologists say there are effective options, ranging from simple home remedies to in office procedures.

What causes dark circles

Dark circles can stem from a combination of factors, including insufficient sleep, allergies, genetics, dehydration, repeated eye rubbing, sun exposure and aging, heavy alcohol use may also contribute to under eye discoloration.

Allergy related dark circles, sometimes called allergic shiners, occur when nasal and sinus congestion causes blood to pool in the small veins beneath the eyes. Those veins then widen, creating a darker, swollen appearance.

Age plays a role too. As collagen and elastin the proteins that give skin its structure naturally decline over time, skin thins and can reveal the blood vessels underneath, casting a shadow that makes the under eye area look sunken.

How dermatologists treat dark circles

Eye creams can help support skin texture, tone and brightness, but they typically can’t resolve the deeper causes of discoloration, such as thinning skin or visible blood vessels, Ingredients like hyaluronic acid, ceramides, peptides, vitamin C, vitamin E and caffeine are commonly recommended for hydration and a brighter appearance.

Prescription retinoids are considered one of the more effective topical options, helping to even out pigment and speed up cell turnover for fresher looking skin. Formulas made specifically for the eye area are gentler and better suited for this sensitive skin. Over the counter retinol products are also available, though they tend to be less potent than prescription versions.

For more noticeable, longer lasting results, in office treatments are an option. Injectable filler can restore lost volume beneath the eyes and soften the transition to the upper cheek for a more rested look, Fractional laser treatments are another route, working by creating tiny areas of controlled injury deep in the skin to stimulate new collagen and elastin production. The two treatments can be used together or on their own.

At home remedies worth trying

For a quick, temporary fix, chilled green tea bags are a favorite tool among dermatologists. Steeping the bags and refrigerating them for 10 to 15 minutes creates a cooling compress with anti inflammatory and antioxidant properties.The caffeine in green tea can also help constrict blood vessels, reducing puffiness and discoloration.

Facial massage using an ice roller, the fingers can encourage lymphatic drainage and better circulation in the area, For those with allergy related circles, running an air purifier or humidifier at home may help ease symptoms that contribute to the swollen, darkened look.

How to prevent and conceal dark circles

Because genetics and aging are major contributors, dark circles aren’t always avoidable. Steering clear of harsh exfoliating ingredients, staying hydrated, limiting alcohol, prioritizing sleep, avoiding eye rubbing and wearing sunscreen daily.

When it comes to covering dark circles with makeup, preparation matters. Applying hydrating skincare, such as an eye cream, moisturizer or serum, about an hour before makeup application to smooth and plump the skin first. A salmon toned color corrector can then help neutralize darkness so concealer doesn’t turn gray or draw more attention to the area, creating a more natural, blended finish.

Dark circles typically don’t require medical attention, but the Cleveland Clinic advises contacting a health care provider if swelling or discoloration appears under only one eye. Anyone who has tried home remedies or over the counter products without success may want to consult a dermatologist about prescription strength options